Andrea (@years) • Hey
A book is a medium for recording information in the form of writing or images, typically composed of many pages bound together and protected by a cover.
Publications
- The oldest dated book printed by this method is *The Diamond Sutra* (868 AD).
- It originated in the Han dynasty before 220 AD, used to print textiles and later paper, and was widely used throughout East Asia.
- In woodblock printing, a relief image of an entire page is carved into blocks of wood, inked, and used to print copies of that page.
- Each sheet typically had a hole through which a string could pass, and with these the sheets were tied together with a string to bind like a book.
- The text in palm leaf manuscripts was inscribed with a knife pen on rectangular cut and cured palm leaf sheets; coloring was then applied to the surface and wiped off, leaving the ink in the incised grooves.
- In India bound manuscripts made of birch bark or palm leaf had existed since antiquity.
- The system was maintained by secular stationers guilds, which produced both religious and non-religious material.
- The books were divided into unbound leaves (*pecia*), which were lent out to different copyists, so the speed of book production was considerably increased.
- The rise of universities in the 13th century led to an increased demand for books, and a new system for copying appeared.
- By the 9th century, larger collections held around 500 volumes and even at the end of the Middle Ages, the papal library in Avignon and Paris library of the Sorbonne held only around 2,000 volumes.
- Smaller monasteries usually had only a few dozen books.
- Because of the difficulties involved in making and copying books, they were expensive and rare.
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- The book covers were made of wood and covered with leather.
- The first books used parchment or vellum (calfskin) for the pages.
- It has been argued that the use of spacing between words shows the transition from semi-vocalized reading into silent reading.
- However, the use of spaces between words did not become commonplace before the 12th century.
- This facilitated reading, as these monks tended to be less familiar with Latin.
- Irish monks introduced spacing between words in the 7th century.
- For very luxurious manuscripts the whole parchment was colored purple, and the text was written on it with gold or silver (for example, Codex Argenteus).
- There are texts written in red or even gold, and different colors were used for illumination.
- This gave writing a brownish black color, but black or brown were not the only colors used.
- Different types of ink were known in antiquity, usually prepared from soot and gum, and later also from gall nuts and iron vitriol.
- ^
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- Finally, the book was bound by the bookbinder.
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- after which the text was written by the scribe, who usually left blank areas for illustration and rubrication.
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- The parchment had to be prepared, then the unbound pages were planned and ruled with a blunt tool or lead,
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- Today, we proudly introduce ourselves as Avara.
Avara is the home to some of the most innovative web3 brands: Aave, Lens Protocol, GHO, Sonar, and now Family, all building towards a people powered internet that benefits all.
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Read the genesis post, penned by @lens/stani.
https://avara.xyz/blog/introducing-avara-and-announcing-acquisition-of-family
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- The bookmaking process was long and laborious.
- Rubricators, who painted in the red letters.
- Illuminators, who painted illustrations.
- Correctors, who collated and compared a finished book with the manuscript from which it had been produced.
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- Copyists, who dealt with basic production and correspondence;
- Calligraphers, who dealt in fine book production;
- Artificial light was forbidden for fear it may damage the manuscripts.
- The scriptorium of the monastery was usually located over the chapter house.
- the papal library in Avignon and Paris library of the Sorbonne held only around 2,000 volumes.
- By the 9th century, larger collections held around 500 volumes and even at the end of the Middle Ages,
- Smaller monasteries usually had only a few dozen books, medium-sized perhaps a few hundred.
- which made books expensive and comparatively rare.