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- psg lyon
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- My Mind Is A Prism.
Open Edition 7 days.
Free mints.
- Matchday
PSG -Rennes
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- Along with my collage work, I also have a more expressive abstract style that doesn't get shared as often. However, there are a couple of drawings that I think deserve more attention.
This drawing was made 8+ years ago, a time before I knew anything about therapy and regulating my emotions.
I always wanted a way to feel my emotions and was working towards it, but it felt very foreign to me.
Fast forward to today and I am meditating regularly while allowing myself to feel all of my emotions as they come to me for the first time in my entire life. Meditation completely changed the trajectory of my life.
20 #BONSAI, 25% referral, 48 hours!
- Safety is always the most important
The founder of Slow Fog, Yu Xian, posted on the X platform that Munchables was attacked, saying that Munchables on the Blast was stolen at 62.5 million US dollars, which was really lost. The investigation by Detective Zachxbt on the chain is because one of their developers is a North Korean hacker. This is the situation that we encountered at least the second DEFI project we encountered. The core developer camouflated for a long time, and won the trust of the entire Team. The timing got started as soon as the time arrived, without mercy. There are many victims, we will follow up closely. Blast ecological project Munchables was attacked and lost about $ 62.3 million.
- i missed mbappe
- waiting
- new game changer
chaos :)
- Alright, I'm helpless, I aped into Base meme tokens. I won't shill them here one by one because you guys are better than this, but I just have an instinct that Base tokens will outperform the market in the next few weeks.
Jesse Pollak does his job really efficiently, although I still don't see the potential for the millions they wanna onboard. zk is still the endgame but Coinbase is the biggest and most legit flagship of the crypto industry for normies so we'll definitely see some new users around.
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- love of psg
- mbappe
- psg
- Collectler çok pahalı ben ucuz bir tane yapıyorum 2 bonsai
sadece 2 bonsai
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- @lens/winny
- Spartacus83 languagesArticleTalkReadView sourceView historyToolsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor other uses, see Spartacus (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Spartocus or Sportacus.This article's lead section **may be too short to adequately summarize the key points**. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. *(March 2024)*Spartacus*The Death of Spartacus* by Hermann Vogel (1882)Bornc. 103 BC
Near the Strymon river in present-day BulgariaDied71 BC (aged 32)
Near Sele River in Lucania, Italy[1]Years of service73–71 BCCommands heldRebel slave armyBattles/warsThird Servile War
**Spartacus** (Greek: Σπάρτακος, translit. *Spártakos*; Latin: *Spartacus*; c. 103–71 BC) was a Thracian gladiator (Thraex) who, along with Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and Oenomaus, was one of the escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile War, a major slave uprising against the Roman Republic. Little is known about him beyond the events of the war, and surviving historical accounts are sometimes contradictory. All sources agree that he was a former gladiator and an accomplished military leader.
This rebellion, interpreted by some as an example of oppressed people fighting for their freedom against a slave-owning oligarchy, has provided inspiration for many political thinkers, and has been featured in literature, television, and film.[2] The philosopher Voltaire described the Third Servile War as "the only just war in history".[3] Although this interpretation is not specifically contradicted by classical historians, no historical account mentions that the goal was to end slavery in the Republic.[4]
Sources
There are two main sources on Spartacus, both of which were written a century or more after his death: Plutarch of Chaeronea (46 AD - 119 AD) and Appian of Alexandria (95 AD – AD 165).[5] The specific works are *Life of Crassus* (early Second Century AD) by Plutarch and *Civil Wars* (early to mid Second Century AD) by Appian.[5] Out of all surviving sources on Spartacus, none were written by eyewitnesses and are all later reconstructions, nor were the sources written by slaves or former slaves, and the earliest source was at least a generation after the war.[6]
Early life
The Greek essayist Plutarch describes Spartacus as "a Thracian of Nomadic stock",[7] in a possible reference to the Maedi tribe.[8] Appian says he was "a Thracian by birth, who had once served as a soldier with the Romans, but had since been a prisoner and sold for a gladiator".[9]
Florus described him as one "who, from a Thracian mercenary, had become a Roman soldier, that had deserted and became enslaved, and afterward, from consideration of his strength, a gladiator".[10] The authors refer to the Thracian tribe of the Maedi,[11][12][13] which occupied the area on the southwestern fringes of Thrace, along its border with the Roman province of Macedonia – present day south-western Bulgaria.[14] Plutarch also writes that Spartacus's wife, a prophetess of the Maedi tribe, was enslaved with him.
The name Spartacus is otherwise manifested in the Black Sea region. Five out of twenty Kings of the Thracian Spartocid dynasty of the Cimmerian Bosporus[15] and Pontus[16] are known to have borne it, and a Thracian "Sparta" "Spardacus"[17] or "Sparadokos",[18] father of Seuthes I of the Odrysae, is also known.
One modern author estimates that Spartacus was c. 30 years old at the time he started his revolt,[19] which would put his birth year c. 103 BC.
Enslavement and escapeThe extent of the Roman Republic at 100 BC.
According to the differing sources and their interpretation, Spartacus was a captive taken by the legions.[20] Spartacus was trained at the gladiatorial school (*ludus*) near Capua belonging to Lentulus Batiatus. He was a heavyweight gladiator called a murmillo. These fighters carried a large oblong shield (scutum), and used a sword with a broad, straight blade (gladius), about 18 inches long.[21] In 73 BC, Spartacus was among a group of gladiators plotting an escape.[22]
About 70[23] slaves were part of the plot. Though few in number, they seized kitchen utensils, fought their way free from the school, and seized several wagons of gladiatorial weapons and armour.[22] The escaped slaves defeated soldiers sent after them, plundered the region surrounding Capua, recruited many other slaves into their ranks, and eventually retired to a more defensible position on Mount Vesuvius.[24][25]
Once free, the escaped gladiators chose Spartacus and two Gallic slaves—Crixus and Oenomaus—as their leaders. Although Roman authors assumed that the escaped slaves were a homogeneous group with Spartacus as their leader, they may have projected their own hierarchical view of military leadership onto the spontaneous organization, reducing other slave leaders to subordinate positions in their accounts.
Third Servile WarFurther information: Third Servile War
The response of the Romans was hampered by the absence of the Roman legions, which were engaged in fighting a revolt in Hispania and the Third Mithridatic War. Furthermore, the Romans considered the rebellion more of a policing matter than a war. Rome dispatched militia under the command of the praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber, who besieged Spartacus and his camp on Mount Vesuvius, hoping that starvation would force Spartacus to surrender. They were taken by surprise when Spartacus used ropes made from vines to climb down the steep side of the volcano with his men and attacked the unfortified Roman camp in the rear, killing most of the militia.[26]
The rebels also defeated a second expedition against them, nearly capturing the praetor commander, killing his lieutenants, and seizing the military equipment.[27] Due to these successes, more and more slaves flocked to the Spartacan forces, as did many of the herdsmen and shepherds of the region, swelling their ranks to some 70,000.[28] At its height, Spartacus's army included many different peoples, including Celts, Gauls, and others. Due to the previous Social War (91–87 BC), some of Spartacus's ranks were legion veterans.[29] Of the slaves that joined Spartacus ranks, many were from the countryside. Rural slaves lived a life that better prepared them to fight in Spartacus's army. In contrast, urban slaves were more used to city life and were considered "privileged" and "lazy."[30]
In these altercations, Spartacus proved to be an excellent tactician, suggesting that he may have had previous military experience. Though the rebels lacked military training, they displayed skilful use of available local materials and unusual tactics against the disciplined Roman armies.[31] They spent the winter of 73–72 BC training, arming and equipping their new recruits, and expanding their raiding territory to include the towns of Nola, Nuceria, Thurii, and Metapontum.[32] The distance between these locations and the subsequent events indicate that the slaves operated in two groups commanded by Spartacus and Crixus.[*citation needed*]
In the spring of 72 BC, the rebels left their winter encampments and began to move northward. At the same time, the Roman Senate, alarmed by the defeat of the praetorian forces, dispatched a pair of consular legions under the command of Lucius Gellius and Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus.[33] The two legions were initially successful—defeating a group of 30,000 rebels commanded by Crixus near Mount Garganus[34]—but then were defeated by Spartacus. These defeats are depicted in divergent ways by the two most comprehensive (extant) histories of the war by Appian and Plutarch.[35][36][37][38]
Alarmed at the continued threat posed by the slaves, the Senate charged Marcus Licinius Crassus, the wealthiest man in Rome and the only volunteer for the position,[39] with ending the rebellion. Crassus was put in charge of eight legions, numbering upwards of 40,000 trained Roman soldiers;[39][40] he treated these with harsh discipline, reviving the punishment of "decimation", in which one-tenth of his men were slain to make them more afraid of him than their enemy.[39] When Spartacus and his followers, who for unclear reasons had retreated to the south of Italy, moved northward again in early 71 BC, Crassus deployed six of his legions on the borders of the region and detached his legate Mummius with two legions to maneuver behind Spartacus. Though ordered not to engage the rebels, Mummius attacked at a seemingly opportune moment but was routed.[41] After this, Crassus's legions were victorious in several engagements, forcing Spartacus farther south through Lucania as Crassus gained the upper hand. By the end of 71 BC, Spartacus was encamped in Rhegium (Reggio Calabria), near the Strait of Messina.
A 19th-century depiction of the fall of Spartacus by the Italian Nicola Sanesi (1818–1889)
According to Plutarch, Spartacus made a bargain with Cilician pirates to transport him and some 2,000 of his men to Sicily, where he intended to incite a slave revolt and gather reinforcements. However, he was betrayed by the pirates, who took payment and then abandoned the rebels.[41] Minor sources mention that there were some attempts at raft and shipbuilding by the rebels as a means to escape, but that Crassus took unspecified measures to ensure the rebels could not cross to Sicily, and their efforts were abandoned.[42] Spartacus's forces then retreated toward Rhegium. Crassus's legions followed and upon arrival built fortifications across the isthmus at Rhegium,[*citation needed*] despite harassing raids from the rebels. The rebels were now under siege and cut off from their supplies.[43]
At this time, the legions of Pompey returned from Hispania and were ordered by the Senate to head south to aid Crassus.[44] Crassus feared that Pompey's involvement would deprive him of credit for defeating Spartacus himself. Hearing of Pompey's involvement, Spartacus tried to make a truce with Crassus.[45] When Crassus refused, Spartacus and his army broke through the Roman fortifications and headed to Brundusium with Crassus's legions in pursuit.[46]
When the legions managed to catch a portion of the rebels separated from the main army,[47] discipline among Spartacus's forces broke down as small groups independently attacked the oncoming legions.[48] Spartacus now turned his forces around and brought his entire strength to bear on the legions in a last stand, in which the rebels were routed completely, with the vast majority of them being killed on the battlefield.[49]
The final battle that saw the assumed defeat of Spartacus in 71 BC took place on the present territory of Senerchia on the right bank of the river Sele in the area that includes the border with Oliveto Citra up to those of Calabritto, near the village of Quaglietta, in the High Sele Valley, which at that time was part of Lucania. In this area, since 1899, there have been finds of armour and swords of the Roman era.
Plutarch, Appian, and Florus all claim that Spartacus died during the battle, but Appian also reports that his body was never found.[50] Six thousand survivors of the revolt captured by the legions of Crassus were crucified, lining the Appian Way from Rome to Capua, a distance of more than 100 miles.[51]
Objectives
Classical historians were divided as to the motives of Spartacus. None of Spartacus's actions overtly suggest that he aimed at reforming Roman society or abolishing slavery.
Plutarch writes that Spartacus wished to escape north into Cisalpine Gaul and disperse his men back to their homes.[52] If escaping the Italian peninsula was indeed his goal, it is not clear why Spartacus turned south after defeating the legions commanded by the consuls Lucius Publicola and Gnaeus Clodianus, which left his force a clear passage over the Alps.
Appian and Florus write that he intended to march on Rome itself.[53] Appian also states that he later abandoned that goal, which might have been no more than a reflection of Roman fears.
Based on the events in late 73 BC and early 72 BC, which suggest independently operating groups of escaped slaves[54] and a statement by Plutarch, it appears that some of the escaped slaves preferred to plunder Italy, rather than escape over the Alps.[52][*clarification needed*]
Legacy and recognition
Toussaint Louverture, a leader of the slave revolt that led to the independence of Haiti, has been called the "Black Spartacus".[55][56]
Adam Weishaupt, founder of the Bavarian Illuminati, often referred to himself as Spartacus within written correspondences.[57]
*Viva Spartaco*, *Spartaco a Rosarno*: graffiti connecting Spartacus with 2010 Rosarno riots between locals and migrant farm workers
In modern times, Spartacus became an icon for communists and socialists. Karl Marx listed Spartacus as one of his heroes and described him as "the most splendid fellow in the whole of ancient history" and a "great general, noble character, real representative of the ancient proletariat".[58] Spartacus has been a great inspiration to left-wing revolutionaries, most notably the German Spartacus League (1915–18), a forerunner of the Communist Party of Germany.[59] A January 1919 uprising by communists in Germany was called the Spartacist uprising.[56] Spartacus Books, one of the longest running collectively-run leftist book stores in North America, is also named in his honour. The village of Spartak, in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, is also named after Spartacus.
Spartacus's name was also used in athletics in the Soviet Union and communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Spartakiad was a Soviet bloc version of the Olympic games.[60] This name was also used for the mass gymnastics exhibition held every five years in Czechoslovakia. The mascot for the Ottawa Senators, Spartacat, is also named after him.
In popular culture*Spartacus*, marble sculpture by Denis Foyatier (1830), Louvre MuseumThis section **may contain irrelevant references to popular culture**. Please remove the content or add citations to reliable and independent sources. *(March 2024)*FilmThe film *Spartacus* (1960), which was executive-produced by and starred Kirk Douglas, was based on Howard Fast's novel *Spartacus* and directed by Stanley Kubrick.TelevisionFast's novel was adapted as a 2004 miniseries by the USA Network, with Goran Višnjić in the main role.One episode of 2007–2008 BBC's docudrama *Heroes and Villains* features Spartacus.The television series *Spartacus*, starring Andy Whitfield and later Liam McIntyre in the title role, aired on the Starz premium cable network from January 2010 to April 2013.[61][62]The History Channel's *Barbarians Rising* (2016) features the story of Spartacus in its second episode entitled "Rebellion".The fifth series of sitcom *Outnumbered* had Ben Brockman (Daniel Roche) play Spartacus in a musical called *Spartacus*.[63]Spartacus appears in the season 6 premiere of *DC's Legends of Tomorrow*, portrayed by Shawn Roberts.[64] He is abducted and eaten by an alien.LiteratureHoward Fast wrote the historical novel *Spartacus*, the basis of the 1960 film of the same name.Arthur Koestler wrote a novel about Spartacus called *The Gladiators*.The Scottish writer Lewis Grassic Gibbon wrote a novel *Spartacus*.The Italian writer Raffaello Giovagnoli wrote his historical novel, *Spartacus*, in 1874. His novel has been subsequently translated and published in many European countries.The German writer Bertolt Brecht wrote *Spartacus*, his second play, before 1920. It was later renamed *Drums in the Night*.The Latvian writer Andrejs Upīts in 1943 wrote the play *Spartacus*.The Polish writer Halina Rudnicka [pl] in 1951 wrote a novel *Uczniowie Spartakusa* (*Spartacus's disciples*).The Reverend Elijah Kellogg's *Spartacus to the Gladiators at Capua* has been used effectively by school pupils to practice their oratory skills for ages.Amal Donkol, the Egyptian modern poet wrote "The Last Words of Spartacus".Max Gallo wrote the novel *Les Romains.Spartacus. La Revolte des Esclaves*, Librairie Artheme Fayard, 2006.In the *Fate/Apocrypha* light novel series by Yūichirō Higashide, Spartacus appears as a Berserker-class Servant summoned by the Red faction. In the anime adaptation of the novels, Spartacus is voiced by Satoshi Tsuruoka in Japanese and Josh Tomar in English. This version of Spartacus would also appear in the mobile RPG Fate/Grand Order.Ben Kane wrote the novels *Spartacus: The Gladiator* and *Spartacus: Rebellion*, in 2012.MusicThe "Spartacus Overture" was written by composer Camille Saint-Saëns in 1863."Love Theme From *Spartacus*" was a hit for composer Alex North and has become a jazz standard.*Spartacus* (1954, first staged in 1956) is a ballet, with a score by Soviet Armenian composer Aram Khachaturian.In 1975, Triumvirat reached the apex of their commercial success with the release of *Spartacus*, a classic "prog rock" album.Australian composer Carl Vine wrote a short piano piece entitled "Spartacus", from *Red Blues*.Phantom Regiment's show, "Spartacus", was the championship show of the 2008 Drum Corps International season.Jeff Wayne released his musical retelling, *Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of Spartacus,* in 1992.Video gamesIn *Age of Empires: The Rise of Rome* Expansion IV Enemies of Rome, 3: Spartacus the campaign has the player fighting against Spartacus's army.In *Spartacus Legends*, Spartacus appears as an endgame boss.In *Gladihoppers,* He appears as a playable character in the Spartacus War, if the player chose the Spartacus Rebellion mode. If the player names the character in Career Mode, Spartacus, the player will receive Spartacus's sword.Board gamesIn the expandable miniature wargaming system Heroscape, Spartacus appears as a unique gladiator hero, having been rescued by the Archkyrie Einar before his death.PlacesSpartacus Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands.In sports
Several sports clubs around the world, in particular the former Soviet and the Communist Bloc, were named after the Roman gladiator.
In RussiaFC Spartak Moscow, a football clubFC Spartak Kostroma, a football clubPFC Spartak Nalchik, a football clubFC Spartak Vladikavkaz, a football clubHC Spartak Moscow, an ice hockey teamSpartak Saint Petersburg, a basketball teamSpartak Tennis Club, a tennis training facilityWBC Spartak Moscow, a women's basketball teamIn UkraineFC Spartak Sumy, a football clubSpartak Ivano-Frankivsk, a football teamZakarpattia Uzhhorod, a football club, formerly known as Spartak UzhhorodSpartak LvivSpartak KyivSpartak Odesa, a football team competed in the 1941 Soviet war leagueSpartak Kharkiv, a football team competed in the 1941 Soviet war leagueIn BulgariaFC Spartak Varna, a football teamOFC Spartak Pleven, a football teamPFC Spartak Plovdiv, a football teamSpartak Sofia, a defunct football teamIn SerbiaFK Spartak Subotica, a football teamFK Radnički, several teamsIn SlovakiaFC Spartak Trnava, a football teamTJ Spartak Myjava, a football teamFK Spartak Vráble, a football teamFK Spartak Bánovce nad Bebravou, a football teamIn other countriesSpartak Stadium (disambiguation)Barnt Green Spartak F.C., an English football teamSpartak (Cape Verde), a Cape Verdean football teamFC Spartak Semey, a Kazakh football teamSee alsoAncient Rome portalAutaritus – 3rd-century BCE Gallic chieftain and mercenaryGaius Julius Civilis – Leader of the Batavian rebellion against the Romans in 69 ADJohn of Gothia – Crimean Gothic Greek Orthodox Metropolitan bishop of Doros, and rebel leaderVercingetorix – 1st-century BC Gallic chieftainViriathus – Lusitanian leader and rebel (d. 139 BCE)
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I've been at @lensprotocol a few months and I've earned more from content creation than I've earned in a whole 20 years posting on IG, FB, X, LinkedIn.
Sorry, but I just shrugged. Years of working like a slave to satiate the bellies of technological "growers"! Seduced by reaches and likes - today I feel liberated, refreshed! I feel the superhero Hiroshi has arrived and defeated the evil emperor Spon Tin Fy!
Bravo @lens/lens team, @lens/ornaart @lens/hey @lens/orb @lens/kaira @lens/phaver @lens/tape and other teams!
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Another old Polaroid shot in Brooklyn some years ago, and then physically manipulated months later.
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- History
For the longest time, Paris did not have a football club that truly belonged to the elite. That finally changed in 1970, when a group of businessmen went through with the plan of merging Paris FC and Stade Saint-Germain into a single club named Paris Saint-Germain. (The year of establishment are somewhat debated though, since the club was affiliated with the Fédération française de football already in December 1969.)
Not surprisingly, PSG immediately drew sympathies of the Parisian crowd, which was exalted to finally have a club that could contend for domestic trophies. Shortly after earning promotion to Ligue 1 in 1972, the club moved into the legendary Parc des Princes, which would serve as their home to this day.
Winning the first major trophies
The early 80s saw PSG win their first major trophies by claiming back-to-back French Cups in 1982 and 1983. This naturally led to the club winning their first Ligue 1 title in 1986 and consequently trying their luck in European competitions, where they played a number of memorable matches but ultimately failed to advance past the quarter-final. It was during this period that PSG developed a penchant for attacking-minded football, which would play a large part in the club becoming fan favorites, both in France and abroad.
- History
For the longest time, Paris did not have a football club that truly belonged to the elite. That finally changed in 1970, when a group of businessmen went through with the plan of merging Paris FC and Stade Saint-Germain into a single club named Paris Saint-Germain. (The year of establishment are somewhat debated though, since the club was affiliated with the Fédération française de football already in December 1969.)
Not surprisingly, PSG immediately drew sympathies of the Parisian crowd, which was exalted to finally have a club that could contend for domestic trophies. Shortly after earning promotion to Ligue 1 in 1972, the club moved into the legendary Parc des Princes, which would serve as their home to this day.
Winning the first major trophies
The early 80s saw PSG win their first major trophies by claiming back-to-back French Cups in 1982 and 1983. This naturally led to the club winning their first Ligue 1 title in 1986 and consequently trying their luck in European competitions, where they played a number of memorable matches but ultimately failed to advance past the quarter-final. It was during this period that PSG developed a penchant for attacking-minded football, which would play a large part in the club becoming fan favorites, both in France and abroad.
- Paris Saint-Germain FC
**Compared to most other football powerhouses, Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) are a relatively young club. Nevertheless, they were remarkably successful in their short lifespan, winning Ligue 1 titles, French Cups and League Cups. They are one of only two French sides to win a European trophy, a feat they have achieved by winning the 1996 Cup Winners' Cup. Their rivalry with Marseille, often referred to as "Le Classique", is widely considered to be the most passionate derby in French football.**
- lets see history of psg
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king
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2024 will be ______
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- Welcome LensV2 i think better ux and better dapps will come
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- Lenny is heading to Devconnect and @lens/ethglobal İstanbul