indus_times (@indus_times) • Hey
Interested in history mainly Indus Valley Civilization, technology, science, crypto tech
Publications
- gn
- Boats used by the Indus people
- There is a fishermen community called 'Mohana' mainly in the regions of Pakistan, but also India and Iran overlapping with the regions where Indus Valley Civilization took shape and thrived. Their boats look the same as the one's used by Indus people 5000 years ago. One of the theories is that MohenjoDaro derives its name from the seafaring 'Mohana' community, who could have been one of the major governing dominant communities of the city during the Indus period. One of the many other names by which this community is called, 'Mallah' is supposed to have originated from 'Meluhha', the word which Mesopotamians used for the Indus people, and possibly Indus people referred to themselves as 'Meluhhans'
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- gn
- gn
- Indus Valley Civilization is supposed to have been peaceful as no archaeological evidence for warfare has been found from excavations, no weapon that could have been used in warfare has been found. This is unlike the contemporary civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt that were rife with violence of war.
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- Karnataka, a southern state in India is also called 'Karunadu'. The state has two popular etymological theories for it's name. First one, Karnataka/Karunadu is derived from two dravidian words Karu/Kari/Kar(black) and Nadu/Natu(region/country) meaning 'Black Land' or 'Land of Black Soil'. Second one, 'Karunadu' is derived from two dravidian words Karu(elevated/ high/big) and Nadu(region/country) meaning elevated land/high land/ mountainous region.
Interestingly, a composition called 'Enki and the world order' and a text called 'Curse over Akkad' of Mesopotamian Civilization a major trading partner of IVC dating from 2000BC have mentions of 'Kur' of 'Meluhha' (Mesopotamian name for Indus Valley Civilization) where 'Kur' has meanings of 'land', 'black land', 'highland. Given that IVC people imported gold, fuchsite, chert from Karnataka, is it too far fetched to think Karnataka could have also come in the ambit of Indus Valley Civilization as 'Bijapur' and 'Hatti', where IVC imported chert and gold respectively from aren't far from 'Daimabad of Maharashtra, southern most known IVC site. Or could it have been that when people moved south after the collapse of IVC, they carried with them the names of the places they left behind and named the places they were familiar with in the south and moved to, after their home towns they left behind.
- ***Chert*** and ***Fuchsite*** were also imported from ***Karnataka***
- If you ever wondered about what was transpiring in South India while the Indus people were busy leaving behind clues to the most impressive of the earliest bronze age civilizations, one of the clues left behind has some answers to that musing.
It is thought that gold discovered from Harappan sites was imported from the mines of Karanataka.
Hmmm...., why did they come to that conclusion???.. Well composition of impurities of gold found in Harappan sites was found to be same as that of Kolar gold. Gold ornaments found in Harappan sites had 11% silver same as gold from Kolar mines. So experts are almost certain that Indus people imported gold from Karnataka.
- Prakrits are Sanskrit words on top of Dravidian substratum
- Books to read if you want to learn more about Indus Valley Civilization:
**'*Wanderers, Kings, Merchants*** : ***The Story Of India Through It's Languages***' - *Peggy Mohan*
'***Early Indians*** : ***The Story Of Our Ancestors And Where We Came*** ***From***' - *Tony Joseph*
'***The Roots Of Hinduism*** : ***The Early Aryans And The Indus Civilization***' - *Asko Parpola*
'***The Indus Civilization*** : ***A Contemporary Perspective***' - *Gregory L Possehl*
'***The Indus*** : ***Lost Civilizations***' - *Andrew Robinson*
And also '**Aryans : The Search for a People , a Place and a Myth**' by *Charles Allen.* It is not about Indus Valley Civilization but on origins of Aryans, this read aids in clearing confusions, doubts regarding who the people of Indus were.
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- Some more Sanskrit words that have Dravidian origin:
'phalam' (fruit) from 'palam' (fruit), 'mukham' (mouth, face, beginning) from 'mukam' (mouth, face, beginning), 'khala' (threshing floor - flat ground to separate grains from the harvest) from 'kalam' (threshing floor), laangalam (plow) from naangal (plow), 'ukham' (hip) from 'ukkam' (hip), 'kaana' (blind in one eye) from 'kaan' (to see), 'katuka' (pungent, bitter) from 'katu' (pungent, bitter), 'puja' (worship) from 'puja' (worship), 'ghat' (mountain range) from 'ghat' (mountain range)
- Some of the Sanskrit words that are Dravidian loanwords:
Kiyaambu (an aquatic plant), gardabha (donkey), om, shakati and shakatam (ox cart),
bhekuri/bekuri (calendrical asterism, mistress of the moon), kimpurusa and kinnara (mythical musicians),
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- My first article on t2 "Introduction to Indus Valley Civilization"
https://app.t2.world/article/clvgezr9d22022120mcjxs6d6h1
- Expanse of Indus Valley Civilization was greater than the expanse of Mesopotamian and Egyptian Cvilizations combined.
- Sumerians' name for Indus Valley Civilization was 'Meluhha/Melukhkha' , which has its etymological origin in Dravidian language. It derives from the Dravidian word 'mel' for 'elevated'. Another plausible etymological explanation is that the word 'Meluhha' is related to the word 'Mleccha'. 'Mleccha' is the Sanskrit word given by raiding vedic aryans to the people they encountered in North West of India and regarded as 'non-vedic barbarians'.
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- According to prominent Indologist of Finnish origin Asko Parpola, the sound 'Om' a Sanskrit word regarded sacred and auspicious in Indian religions has its etymological origin in Dravidian word for 'yes'. It is thought to have come from the Proto-Dravidian word 'aam'. 'aam' is still used to say 'yes' in modern day Tamil and very interestingly in Jaffna dialect of Tamil in Sri Lanka it is 'om'.
- Timeline of Indus Valley Civilisation:
7000 BCE - Rise of an agricultural settlement in Mehrgarh, a village in Balochistan of Pakistan.
7000 - 3000 BCE - Agriculturalists from Zagros mountains of Iran migrate to India.
7000 - 2600 BCE - Cultivation of barley and wheat, increase in consumption of domesticated animals in Mehrgarh.
5500 - 2600 BCE - The Early Harappan Era, early agricultural settlements turn into towns.
2600 - 1900 BCE - The mature Harappan period, increased urbanisation with emergence of cities, increase in trade overseas, unprecedented level of standardisation across the Indus realm with respect to script, seals, motifs and weights.
2500 - 1300 BCE - Climate change globally that lasted millenium.
2100 BCE - Kazakh steppe pastoralists migrate south to Central Asia.
2000 - 1000 BCE - Multiple waves of Indo European speaking steppe pastoralists from Central Asia migrate to South Asia throughout the whole millenium.
1900 - 1300 BC - The late Harappan period when Harappan Civilisation declines with collapse of cities, trade overseas and decline in script usage.
- Main phases of Indus Valley Civilisation :
5500 - 2600 BCE - The Early Harappan Era, early agricultural settlements turn into towns.
2600 - 1900 BCE - The mature Harappan period, increased urbanisation with emergence of cities, increase in trade overseas, unprecedented level of standardisation across the Indus realm with respect to script, seals, motifs and weights.
1900 - 1300 BCE - The late Harappan period when Harappan Civilisation declined with collapse of cities, trade overseas and decline in script usage.
- Based on linguistics and genetics, Harappans most likely spoke languages termed Proto Dravidian, that belonged to Dravidian language family to which modern South Indian languages like Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, telugu belong to. These modern languages and its speakers are the successors of the languages spoken and people of Indus Valley Civilisation respectively.
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- Modern humans i.e Homo Sapiens left Africa 70000 years ago, reached South Asia 65000 years ago, successfully established themselves in South Asia. Their descendants are termed First Indians. Their population increased dramatically as a result of adopting microlithic technology and continued to live a hunter gatherer lifestyle until 9000 BCE when some of them took to farming
- Indus Valley Civilisation is also called Harappan Civilisation as per archaeological naming convention as Harappa was the first city discovered.
- Indus Valley Civilisation was discovered by John Marshall, who was then Director General of Archaeological Survey of India (1902-1928). He discovered the city of Harappa, initiated the excavations at Harappa and MohenjoDaro in 1920.
- Mature Harappan phase the peak urbanisation period lasted from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.
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- Land and sea trade routes of IVC with other bronze age civilisations and settlements:
- Indus Valley Civilisation was contemporaneous with Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilisations, all three of them had close trade relationship with each other despite the distance that separated them especially IVC (Indus Valley Civilisation) and influenced each other.
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- Indus Valley Civilisation is a bronze age civilisation that cropped up between 3500BCE - 1300BCE across northwestern India, Pakistan, northeastern Afghanistan, mainly on the banks of river Indus.