Cedric (@55567) • Hey
An airplane is a fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine.
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- Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.
- They built on the works of George Cayley dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying gliders)[5] and the work of German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal, who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight.
- The American Wright brothers flights in 1903 are recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics, as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".
- Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.
- On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the Éole. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately 50 m (160 ft) at a height of approximately 200 mm (7.9 in).
- All-up weight was 300 kilograms (660 lb).
- The wings had a span of 14 m (46 ft).
- The engine weighed no more than 4 kilograms per kilowatt (6.6 lb/hp).
- It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight steam engine of his own invention, with four cylinders developing 20 horsepower (15 kW), driving a four-blade propeller.
- The Frenchman Clement Ader constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the Éole.
- Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing, his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight, the "Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.
- He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights.
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- Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight.
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- Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.
- His box kite designs were widely adopted.
- In the 1890s, Lawrence Hargrave conducted research on wing structures and developed a box kite that lifted the weight of a man.
- The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.
- The test showed that it had enough lift to take off.
- In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising.
- Sir Hiram Maxim built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a 110-foot (34 m) wingspan that was powered by two 360-horsepower (270 kW) steam engines driving two propellers.
- Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were Otto Lilienthal, Percy Pilcher, and Octave Chanute.
- In 1883, the American John J. Montgomery made a controlled flight in a glider.
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- Then the Russian Alexander F. Mozhaisky also made some innovative designs.
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- In 1856, Frenchman Jean-Marie Le Bris made the first powered flight, by having his glider "L'Albatros artificiel" pulled by a horse on a beach.
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- Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying glider in 1853.
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- In 1799, George Cayley set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.
- noting for the first time the distinction between the center of mass and the center of pressure of flying birds.
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- Leonardo da Vinci researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his Codex on the Flight of Birds (1502),
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- both experiments injured their pilots.
- Some of the earliest recorded attempts with gliders were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet Abbas ibn Firnas and the 11th-century English monk Eilmer of Malmesbury;
- This machine may have been suspended for its flight.
- a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some 200 m (660 ft).
- Around 400 BC in Greece, Archytas was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device,
- Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the Greek legend of Icarus and Daedalus, and the Vimana in ancient Indian epics.
- Main articles: Aviation history and First flying machine
- the term "aeroplane" (/ˈɛərəpleɪn/[11]) is usually applied to these aircraft.
- In the United Kingdom and Ireland and most of the Commonwealth,
- In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft.
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- In an example of synecdoche, the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft.