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Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae.They are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans.
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- Bears' non-retractable claws are used for digging, climbing, tearing, and catching prey.
- Their front paws are flexible enough to grasp fruit and leaves.
- Bears can stand on their hind feet and sit up straight with remarkable balance.
- They are capable of bursts of speed but soon tire, and as a result mostly rely on ambush rather than the chase.
- They distribute their weight toward the hind feet, which makes them look lumbering when they walk.
- Unlike most other land carnivorans, bears are plantigrade.
- The strong forelimbs are used to catch prey, excavate dens, dig out burrowing animals, turn over rocks and logs to locate prey, and club large creatures.
- The limbs are much straighter than those of the big cats as there is no need for them to flex in the same way due to the differences in their gait.
- The shoulder blades and the pelvis are correspondingly massive.
- Relying as they do on strength rather than speed, bears have relatively short limbs with thick bones to support their bulk.
- Larger species tend to show increased levels of sexual dimorphism in comparison to smaller species.
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- They are sexually dimorphic with regard to size, with males typically being larger.
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- Bears are generally bulky and robust animals with short tails.
- Body weight varies throughout the year in bears of temperate and arctic climates, as they build up fat reserves in the summer and autumn and lose weight during the winter.
- The latter estimated to have weighed 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) and stood 3.4 m (11 ft 2 in) tall.
- Prehistoric North and South American short-faced bears were the largest species known to have lived.
- The smallest species is the sun bear, which ranges 25–65 kg (55–145 lb) in weight and 100–140 cm (40–55 in) in length.
- The polar bear is considered to be the largest extant species,with adult males weighing 350–700 kilograms (770–1,500 pounds) and measuring 2.4–3 metres (7 ft 10 in – 9 ft 10 in) in total length.
- The bear family includes the most massive extant terrestrial members of the order Carnivora.
- The relationships of the other species are not very well resolved, though the polar bear and the brown bear form a close grouping.
- The giant panda, followed by the spectacled bear, are clearly the oldest species.
- The phylogeny of extant bear species is shown in a cladogram based on complete mitochondrial DNA sequences from Yu et al. (2007)
- Below is the cladogram based on McKenna and Bell (1997) classification.
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- In the McKenna and Bell classification both bears and pinnipeds are in a parvorder of carnivoran mammals known as Ursida, along with the extinct bear dogs of the family Amphicyonidae.
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- Amphicynodontinae under this classification were classified as stem-pinnipeds in the superfamily Phocoidea.
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- The second alternative phylogenetic hypothesis was implemented by McKenna et al. (1997) to classify all the bear species into the superfamily **Ursoidea**,
- One is all species of bears are classified in seven subfamilies as adopted here and related articles: Amphicynodontinae, Hemicyoninae, Ursavinae, Agriotheriinae, Ailuropodinae, Tremarctinae, and Ursinae.
- There are two phylogenetic hypotheses on the relationships among extant and fossil bear species.
- Note that although they are called "bears" in some languages, red pandas and raccoons and their close relatives are not bears, but rather musteloids.
- which is based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis of six genes in Flynn, 2005.
- The relationship of the bear family with other carnivorans is shown in the following phylogenetic tree,
- The polar bear is the most recently evolved species and descended from a population of brown bears that became isolated in northern latitudes by glaciation 400,000 years ago.
- Species of Ursinae have migrated repeatedly into North America from Eurasia as early as 4 Mya during the early Pliocene.
- Species of Ursinae have migrated repeatedly into North America from Eurasia as early as 4 Mya during the early Pliocene.
- which itself is ancestral to the extinct Pleistocene cave bear.
- Modern brown bears evolved from U. minimus via Ursus etruscus,
- and the brown bears (which includes the polar bear).
- Two lineages evolved from U. minimus: the black bears (including the sun bear, the Asian black bear, and the American black bear);
- It is likely ancestral to all bears within Ursinae, perhaps aside from the sloth bear.
- apart from its size, it was nearly identical to today's Asian black bear.
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