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The platypus is a semiaquatic, egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania.
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- In the 1980s, John Wamsley created a platypus breeding program in Warrawong Sanctuary (see below), which subsequently closed.
- Inland, its distribution is not well known. It was considered extinct on the South Australian mainland, with the last sighting recorded at Renmark in 1975.
- The platypus is semiaquatic, inhabiting small streams and rivers over an extensive range from the cold highlands of Tasmania and the Australian Alps to the tropical rainforests of coastal Queensland as far north as the base of the Cape York Peninsula.
- In 2020, research revealed that platypus fur gives a bluish-green biofluorescent glow in black light.
- This contrasts with the small number of electroreceptors in the short-beaked echidna, which dwells in dry environments, while the long-beaked echidna, which lives in moist environments, is intermediate between the other two monotremes.
- These features suggest that the platypus has adapted to an aquatic and nocturnal lifestyle, developing its electrosensory system at the cost of its visual system.
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- Limited acuity is matched by low cortical magnification, a small lateral geniculate nucleus, and a large optic tectum, suggesting that the visual midbrain plays a more important role than the visual cortex, as in some rodents.
- A temporal (ear side) concentration of retinal ganglion cells, important for binocular vision, indicates a vestigial role in predation, though the actual visual acuity is insufficient for such activities.
- The corneal surface and the adjacent surface of the lens is flat, while the posterior surface of the lens is steeply curved, similar to the eyes of other aquatic mammals such as otters and sea-lions.
- Although the platypus's eyes are small and not used under water, several features indicate that vision was important for its ancestors.
- The eyes also contain double cones, unlike most mammals.
- In recent studies it has been suggested that the eyes of the platypus are more similar to those of Pacific hagfish or Northern Hemisphere lampreys than to those of most tetrapods.
- The extinct Obdurodon was electroreceptive, but unlike the modern platypus it foraged pelagically (near the ocean surface).
- Monotreme electrolocation for hunting in murky waters may be tied to their tooth loss.
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- It may also be able to determine the distance of moving prey from the time lag between their electrical and mechanical pressure pulses.
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- enhanced by the characteristic side-to-side motion of the animal's head while hunting.
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- The platypus can feel the direction of an electric source, perhaps by comparing differences in signal strength across the sheet of electroreceptors,
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- These receptors in the bill dominate the somatotopic map of the platypus brain, in the same way human hands dominate the Penfield homunculus map.
- and some cortical cells receive input from both electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors, suggesting the platypus feels electric fields like touches.
- The electrosensory area of the cerebral cortex is in the tactile somatosensory area,
- The electroreceptors are located in rostrocaudal rows in the skin of the bill, while mechanoreceptors for touch are uniformly distributed across the bill.
- Experiments have shown the platypus will even react to an "artificial shrimp" if a small electric current is passed through it.
- enabling it to distinguish between animate and inanimate objects.
- Digging in the bottom of streams with its bill, its electroreceptors detect tiny electric currents generated by the muscular contractions of its prey,
- Feeding by neither sight nor smell, the platypus closes its eyes, ears, and nose when it dives.
- and the platypus's electroreception is the most sensitive of any monotreme.
- Monotremes are the only mammals (apart from the Guiana Dolphin) known to have a sense of electroreception,
- and not exclusive to the platypus or other monotremes.
- indicating that this is an ancient characteristic for mammals as a whole,
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- Similar spurs are found on many archaic mammal groups,
- it may be used as an offensive weapon to assert dominance during this period.
- Since only males produce venom and production rises during the breeding season,
- but nevertheless powerful enough to seriously impair the victim.
- its effects are not life-threatening to humans,
- The venom appears to have a different function from those produced by non-mammalian species;
- The female platypus, in common with echidnas, has rudimentary spur buds that do not develop (dropping off before the end of their first year) and lack functional crural glands.
- which are kidney-shaped alveolar glands connected by a thin-walled duct to a calcaneus spur on each hind limb.
- Venom is produced in the crural glands of the male,
- Information obtained from case histories and anecdotal evidence indicates the pain develops into a long-lasting hyperalgesia (a heightened sensitivity to pain) that persists for days or even months.
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- Edema rapidly develops around the wound and gradually spreads throughout the affected limb.