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A camel is an even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back.
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- Populations of Paracamelus continued to exist in the North American Arctic into the Early Pleistocene.
- During the Pleistocene, around 3 to 1 million years ago, the North American Camelidae spread to South America as part of the Great American Interchange via the newly formed Isthmus of Panama, where they gave rise to guanacos and related animals.
- The ancestor of modern camels, Paracamelus, migrated into Eurasia from North America via Beringia during the late Miocene, between 7.5 and 6.5 million years ago.
- The split between the tribes Camelini, which contains modern camels and Lamini, modern llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos, is estimated to have occurred over 16 million years ago.
- The hoofed Stenomylus, which walked on the tips of its toes, also existed around this time, and the long-necked Aepycamelus evolved in the Miocene.
- By 35 million years ago, the Poebrotherium was the size of a goat and had many more traits similar to camels and llamas.
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- It was about the size of a rabbit and lived in the open woodlands of what is now South Dakota.
- The earliest known camel, called Protylopus, lived in North America 40 to 50 million years ago (during the Eocene).
- Like the mule, camas are sterile, despite both parents having the same number of chromosomes.
- It has ears intermediate between those of camels and llamas, longer legs than the llama, and partially cloven hooves.
- The cama is halfway in size between a camel and a llama and lacks a hump.
- Scientists collected semen from a camel via an artificial vagina and inseminated a llama after stimulating ovulation with gonadotrophin injections.
- The cama is a camel-llama hybrid bred by scientists to see how closely related the parent species are.
- In spite of this, these species can hybridize and produce viable offspring.
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- New World and Old World camelids diverged about 11 million years ago.
- According to molecular data, the wild Bactrian camel (*C. ferus*) separated from the domestic Bactrian camel (*C. bactrianus*) about 1 million years ago.
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- which is more than either the dromedary or Bactrian can.
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- It weighs an average of 650 kg (1,430 lb) and can carry around 400 to 450 kg (880 to 990 lb),
- The hybrid is 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) at the shoulder and 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in) tall at the hump.
- The hybrid camel, a hybrid between Bactrian and dromedary camels, has one hump, though it has an indentation 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) deep that divides the front from the back.
- The Y is a small metacentric chromosome, while the X is a large metacentric chromosome.
- and found that the karyotype consisted of one metacentric, three submetacentric, and 32 acrocentric autosomes.
- and found that the karyotype consisted of one metacentric, three submetacentric, and 32 acrocentric autosomes.
- A 2007 study flow sorted camel chromosomes, building on the fact that camels have 37 pairs of chromosomes (2n=74),
- but no agreement on chromosome nomenclature of camelids has been reached.
- The karyotypes of different camelid species have been studied earlier by many groups,
- which would also be useful for T. b. brucei, T. b. gambiense, T. b. rhodesiense, and T. equiperdum.
- which would also be useful for T. b. brucei, T. b. gambiense, T. b. rhodesiense, and T. equiperdum.
- The Tran test has high test specificity and appears likely to work just as well for T. evansi in other hosts, and for a pan-Trypanozoon test,
- They use recombinant Invariant Surface Glycoprotein 75 (rISG75, an Invariant Surface Glycoprotein) and ELISA.
- Tran et al. 2009 provides a new reference test for surra (T. evansi) of camel.
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- Such therapies may also be suitable for other mammals.
- In the future, nanobody/single-domain antibody therapy will surpass natural camel antibodies by reaching locations currently unreachable due to natural antibodies' larger size.
- and resultantly camels have evolved trypanolytic antibodies as with many mammals.
- Camels suffer from surra caused by Trypanosoma evansi wherever camels are domesticated in the world,
- after camelids split from ruminants and pigs.
- These "heavy-chain-only" antibodies, discovered in 1993, are thought to have developed 50 million years ago,
- a trait that makes them smaller and more durable.
- Camels, in addition to these, also have antibodies made of only two heavy chains,
- Normally, the Y-shaped antibody molecules consist of two heavy (or long) chains along the length of the Y, and two light (or short) chains at each tip of the Y.
- The camel immune system differs from those of other mammals.
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