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Peafowl is a common name for three bird species in the genera Pavo and Afropavo within the tribe Pavonini of the family Phasianidae.
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- In common with other members of the Galliformes, the males possess metatarsal spurs or "thorns" on their legs used during intraspecific territorial fights with some other members of their kind.
- All species of peafowl are believed to be polygamous.
- They are terrestrial feeders.
- Peafowl are forest birds that nest on the ground, but roost in trees.
- Certain morphological and behavioural traits come in to play during inter and intra-sexual selection, which include train length for territory acquisition and visual and vocal displays involved in mate choice by peahens.
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- Central positions are usually taken by older, dominant males, which influences mating success.
- They fight for areas within the congregation to display a strong front for the peahens.
- Peacocks first defend their territory through intra-sexual behaviour, defending their areas from intruders.
- In the peacock species, males congregate a communal display during breeding season and the peahens observe.
- This idea also suggests that the success of multiple signalling is not only due to the repetitiveness of the signal, but also of multiple receivers of the signal.
- The redundant signal hypothesis explains that whilst each signal that a male projects is about the same quality, the addition of multiple signals enhances the reliability of that mate.
- Although an intricate display catches a peahen's attention, the redundant signal hypothesis also plays a crucial role in keeping this attention on the peacock's display.
- Actions such as train rattling and wing shaking also kept the peahens' attention.
- while the upper train is more of a long-distance attraction signal.
- The lower train is usually evaluated during close-up courtship,
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- Peahens pay careful attention to the different parts of a peacock's train during his display.
- The angle at which the ocelli are displayed during courtship is more important in a peahen's choice of males than train size or number of ocelli.
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- A peacock's copulation success rate depends on the colours of his eyespots (ocelli) and the angle at which they are displayed.
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- They concluded that female choice might indeed vary in different ecological conditions.
- Adeline Loyau and her colleagues responded that alternative and possibly central explanations for these results had been overlooked.
- Takahashi determined that the peacock's train was not the universal target of female mate choice, showed little variance across male populations, and did not correlate with male physiological condition.
- Mariko Takahashi found no evidence that peahens preferred peacocks with more elaborate trains (such as with more eyespots), a more symmetrical arrangement, or a greater length.
- In contrast to Petrie's findings, a seven-year Japanese study of free-ranging peafowl concluded that female peafowl do not select mates solely on the basis of their trains.
- This theory may be contrasted with Ronald Fisher's hypothesis that male sexual traits are the result of initially arbitrary aesthetic selection by females.
- Thus, a brilliant train serves as an honest indicator for females that these highly ornamented males are good at surviving for other reasons, so are preferable mates.
- Zahavi argued that only the fittest males could survive the handicap of a large train.
- Since these trains are likely to be deleterious to an individual's survival (as their brilliance makes them more visible to predators and their length hinders escape from danger),
- Amotz Zahavi used the excessive tail plumes of male peafowls as evidence for his "handicap principle".
- Furthermore, peafowl and their sexual characteristics have been used in the discussion of the causes for sexual traits.
- Thus, Petrie's work shows correlations between tail ornamentation, mating success, and increased survival ability in both the ornamented males and their offspring.
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- Those with heavily ornamented feathers were better able to avoid predators and survive in natural conditions.
- These chicks were released into the park and recaptured one year later.
- an attribute generally associated with better survival rate in birds.
- Chicks fathered by more ornamented males weighed more than those fathered by less ornamented males,
- She allowed females to mate with males with differing numbers of eyespots, and reared the offspring in a communal incubator to control for differences in maternal care.
- Males with fewer eyespots, thus with lower mating success, suffered from greater predation.
- females lost interest in pruned males and became attracted to untrimmed ones.
- She was able to manipulate this success by cutting the eyespots off some of the males' tails:
- The number of eyespots in the train predicted a male's mating success.
- Marion Petrie tested whether or not these displays signalled a male's genetic quality by studying a feral population of peafowl in Whipsnade Wildlife Park in southern England.
- Male peafowl erect their trains to form a shimmering fan in their display to females.
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